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The low-level language of topology, which is not really considered a separate "branch" of topology. Point-set topology, also called set-theoretic topology or general ...

A point is a 0-dimensional mathematical object which can be specified in n-dimensional space using an n-tuple (x_1, x_2, ..., x_n) consisting of n coordinates. In dimensions ...

A point process is a probabilistic model for random scatterings of points on some space X often assumed to be a subset of R^d for some d. Oftentimes, point processes describe ...

d_n=p_(n+1)-p_n. (1) The first few values are 1, 2, 2, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, 6, 2, 6, 4, 2, 4, 6, 6, ... (OEIS A001223). Rankin has shown that d_n>(clnnlnlnnlnlnlnlnn)/((lnlnlnn)^2) ...

A projection matrix P is an n×n square matrix that gives a vector space projection from R^n to a subspace W. The columns of P are the projections of the standard basis ...

A system of curvilinear coordinates in which two sets of coordinate surfaces are obtained by revolving the curves of the elliptic cylindrical coordinates about the x-axis, ...

A proof that is only based on visual elements, without any comments. An arithmetic identity can be demonstrated by a picture showing a self-evident equality between numerical ...

A pseudoperfect number, sometimes also called a semiperfect number (Benkoski 1972, Butske et al. 1999), is a positive integer such as 20=1+4+5+10 which is the sum of some (or ...

If p and q are distinct odd primes, then the quadratic reciprocity theorem states that the congruences x^2=q (mod p) x^2=p (mod q) (1) are both solvable or both unsolvable ...

The mathematical study of combinatorial objects in which a certain degree of order must occur as the scale of the object becomes large. Ramsey theory is named after Frank ...