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A strange loop is a phenomenon in which, whenever movement is made upwards or downwards through the levels of some hierarchical system, the system unexpectedly arrives back ...

There are several different definitions of conical coordinates defined by Morse and Feshbach (1953), Byerly (1959), Arfken (1970), and Moon and Spencer (1988). The ...

A differential-algebraic equation (DAE) is a type of differential equation in which the derivatives are not (in general) expressed explicitly, and typically derivatives of ...

A transformation T (a.k.a., map, function) over a domain D takes the elements X in D to elements Y in T(D), where the range (a.k.a., image) of T is defined as ...

A nonassociative algebra obeyed by objects such as the Lie bracket and Poisson bracket. Elements f, g, and h of a Lie algebra satisfy [f,f]=0 (1) [f+g,h]=[f,h]+[g,h], (2) and ...

A fundamental system of logic based on the concept of a generalized function whose argument is also a function (Schönfinkel 1924). This mathematical discipline was ...

The base-12 number system composed of the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B. Such a system has been advocated by no less than Herbert Spencer, John Quincy Adams, and ...

An affine tensor is a tensor that corresponds to certain allowable linear coordinate transformations, T:x^_^i=a^i_jx^j, where the determinant of a^i_j is nonzero. This ...

A set of vectors in Euclidean n-space is said to satisfy the Haar condition if every set of n vectors is linearly independent (Cheney 1999). Expressed otherwise, each ...

An algorithm in control theory introduced by Kalman (1960) and refined by Kalman and Bucy (1961). It is an algorithm which makes optimal use of imprecise data on a linear (or ...