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The notation R^_ denotes the set of affinely extended real numbers.

Euclidean n-space is denoted R^n.

The modular equation of degree five can be written (u/v)^3+(v/u)^3=2(u^2v^2-1/(u^2v^2)).

An algorithm which finds the least nonnegative value of sqrt(a (mod p)) for given a and prime p.

A congruence that has a solution.

If the Lexis ratio L<1, a set of trials are said to be subnormal.

A quantity which is subtracted from another (the minuend).

A congruence of the form f(x)=0 (mod n) where f(x) is an integer polynomial (Nagell 1951, p. 73).

An Artin L-function over the rationals Q encodes in a generating function information about how an irreducible monic polynomial over Z factors when reduced modulo each prime. ...

A pair of numbers m and n such that sigma(m)=sigma(n)=m+n-1, where sigma(m) is the divisor function. Beck and Najar (1977) found 11 augmented amicable pairs.