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The backward difference is a finite difference defined by del _p=del f_p=f_p-f_(p-1). (1) Higher order differences are obtained by repeated operations of the backward ...

Every irrational number x has an approximation constant c(x) defined by c(x)=lim inf_(q->infty)q|qx-p|, where p=nint(qx) is the nearest integer to qx and lim inf is the ...

A Bäcklund transformation allows additional solutions to a nonlinear partial differential equations to be found if one particular solution is already known.

If, for n>=0, beta_n=sum_(r=0)^n(alpha_r)/((q;q)_(n-r)(aq;q)_(n+r)), (1) then beta_n^'=sum_(r=0)^n(alpha_r^')/((q;q)_(n-r)(aq;q)_(n+r)), (2) where alpha_r^' = ...

Let Gamma(z) be the gamma function and n!! denote a double factorial, then [(Gamma(m+1/2))/(Gamma(m))]^2[1/m+(1/2)^21/(m+1)+((1·3)/(2·4))^21/(m+2)+...]_()_(n) ...

Bailey's transformation is the very general hypergeometric transformation (1) where k=1+2a-b-c-d, and the parameters are subject to the restriction b+c+d+e+f+g-m=2+3a (2) ...

The class of continuous functions is called the Baire class 0. For each n, the functions that can be considered as pointwise limits of sequences of functions of Baire class ...

The map x_(n+1)=2mux_n, (1) where x is computed modulo 1. A generalized Baker's map can be defined as x_(n+1) = {lambda_ax_n y_n<alpha ; (1-lambda_b)+lambda_bx_n y_n>alpha ...

Ball tetrahedron picking is the selection of quadruples of points (corresponding to vertices of a general tetrahedron) randomly placed inside a ball. n random tetrahedra can ...

A Banach algebra is an algebra B over a field F endowed with a norm ||·|| such that B is a Banach space under the norm ||·|| and ||xy||<=||x||||y||. F is frequently taken to ...