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An equivalence relation on a set X is a subset of X×X, i.e., a collection R of ordered pairs of elements of X, satisfying certain properties. Write "xRy" to mean (x,y) is an ...

Exponential growth is the increase in a quantity N according to the law N(t)=N_0e^(lambdat) (1) for a parameter t and constant lambda (the analog of the decay constant), ...

A fiber of a map f:X->Y is the preimage of an element y in Y. That is, f^(-1)(y)={x in X:f(x)=y}. For instance, let X and Y be the complex numbers C. When f(z)=z^2, every ...

An origami configuration that can be pressed to a plane figure without crumpling it or adding new creases.

The Fourier cosine transform of a real function is the real part of the full complex Fourier transform, F_x^((c))[f(x)](k) = R[F_x[f(x)](k)] (1) = ...

The Fourier sine transform is the imaginary part of the full complex Fourier transform, F_x^((s))[f(x)](k) = I[F_x[f(x)](k)] (1) = int_(-infty)^inftysin(2pikx)f(x)dx. (2) The ...

Let Omega be an open, bounded, and connected subset of R^d for some d and let dx denote d-dimensional Lebesgue measure on R^d. In functional analysis, the Friedrichs ...

An apodization function, also called the Hann function, frequently used to reduce leakage in discrete Fourier transforms. The illustrations above show the Hanning function, ...

A Hasse diagram is a graphical rendering of a partially ordered set displayed via the cover relation of the partially ordered set with an implied upward orientation. A point ...

An algorithm for partitioning (or clustering) N data points into K disjoint subsets S_j containing N_j data points so as to minimize the sum-of-squares criterion ...