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In a plane, consider a sum of N two-dimensional vectors with random orientations. Use phasor notation, and let the phase of each vector be random. Assume N unit steps are ...

A K-rational point is a point (X,Y) on an algebraic curve f(X,Y)=0, where X and Y are in a field K. For example, rational point in the field Q of ordinary rational numbers is ...

Given a module M over a commutative unit ring R and a filtration F:... subset= I_2 subset= I_1 subset= I_0=R (1) of ideals of R, the Rees module of M with respect to F is ...

Given a commutative unit ring R and a filtration F:... subset= I_2 subset= I_1 subset= I_0=R (1) of ideals of R, the Rees ring of R with respect to F is R_+(F)=I_0 direct sum ...

A repeated integral is an integral taken multiple times over a single variable (as distinguished from a multiple integral, which consists of a number of integrals taken with ...

Reversion to the mean, also called regression to the mean, is the statistical phenomenon stating that the greater the deviation of a random variate from its mean, the greater ...

Let f be differentiable on the open interval (a,b) and continuous on the closed interval [a,b]. Then if f(a)=f(b), then there is at least one point c in (a,b) where f^'(c)=0. ...

Informally, the sample space for a given set of events is the set of all possible values the events may assume. Formally, the set of possible events for a given random ...

Two families of equations used to find roots of nonlinear functions of a single variable. The "B" family is more robust and can be used in the neighborhood of degenerate ...

The general sextic equation x^6+a_5x^5+a_4x^4+a_3x^3+a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0=0 can be solved in terms of Kampé de Fériet functions, and a restricted class of sextics can be solved in ...