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The Kuratowski reduction theorem states that very nonplanar graph contains either the utility graph UG=K_(3,3) or the pentatope graph K_5 as a graph minor. The graphs K_(3,3) ...

The Laplacian polynomial is the characteristic polynomial of the Laplacian matrix. The second smallest root of the Laplacian polynomial of a graph g (counting multiple values ...

The Laplacian spectral radius of a finite graph is defined as the largest value of its Laplacian spectrum, i.e., the largest eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrix (Lin et al. ...

A path composed of connected horizontal and vertical line segments, each passing between adjacent lattice points. A lattice path is therefore a sequence of points P_0, P_1, ...

Let L denote the partition lattice of the set {1,2,...,n}. The maximum element of L is M={{1,2,...,n}} (1) and the minimum element is m={{1},{2},...,{n}}. (2) Let Z_n denote ...

A Lindenmayer system, also known as an L-system, is a string rewriting system that can be used to generate fractals with dimension between 1 and 2. Several example fractals ...

A lobster graph, lobster tree, or simply "lobster," is a tree having the property that the removal of leaf nodes leaves a caterpillar graph (Gallian 2007). The numbers of ...

The local McLaughlin graph is the graph on 162 vertices and 4536 edges obtained from the McLaughlin graph by vertex deletion of a single vertex and its neighbors, making it ...

The longest increasing (contiguous) subsequence of a given sequence is the subsequence of increasing terms containing the largest number of elements. For example, the longest ...

The longest path problem asks to find a path of maximum length in a given graph. The problem is NP-complete, but there exists an efficient dynamic programming solution for ...