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The backward difference is a finite difference defined by del _p=del f_p=f_p-f_(p-1). (1) Higher order differences are obtained by repeated operations of the backward ...

Every irrational number x has an approximation constant c(x) defined by c(x)=lim inf_(q->infty)q|qx-p|, where p=nint(qx) is the nearest integer to qx and lim inf is the ...

A Bäcklund transformation allows additional solutions to a nonlinear partial differential equations to be found if one particular solution is already known.

Baer's criterion, also known as Baer's test, states that a module M over a unit ring R is injective iff every module homomorphism from an ideal of R to M can be extended to a ...

If, for n>=0, beta_n=sum_(r=0)^n(alpha_r)/((q;q)_(n-r)(aq;q)_(n+r)), (1) then beta_n^'=sum_(r=0)^n(alpha_r^')/((q;q)_(n-r)(aq;q)_(n+r)), (2) where alpha_r^' = ...

Let Gamma(z) be the gamma function and n!! denote a double factorial, then [(Gamma(m+1/2))/(Gamma(m))]^2[1/m+(1/2)^21/(m+1)+((1·3)/(2·4))^21/(m+2)+...]_()_(n) ...

Bailey's transformation is the very general hypergeometric transformation (1) where k=1+2a-b-c-d, and the parameters are subject to the restriction b+c+d+e+f+g-m=2+3a (2) ...

The map x_(n+1)=2mux_n, (1) where x is computed modulo 1. A generalized Baker's map can be defined as x_(n+1) = {lambda_ax_n y_n<alpha ; (1-lambda_b)+lambda_bx_n y_n>alpha ...

A Banach algebra is an algebra B over a field F endowed with a norm ||·|| such that B is a Banach space under the norm ||·|| and ||xy||<=||x||||y||. F is frequently taken to ...

For a normed space (X,||·||), define X^~ to be the set of all equivalent classes of Cauchy sequences obtained by the relation {x_n}∼{y_n} if and only if lim_(n)||x_n-y_n||=0. ...