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Simpson's paradox, also known as the amalgamation paradox, reversal paradox, or Yule-Simpson effect, is a paradox in which a statistical trend appears to be present when data ...

Doob (1996) defines a stochastic process as a family of random variables {x(t,-),t in J} from some probability space (S,S,P) into a state space (S^',S^'). Here, J is the ...

The sequence of variates X_i with corresponding means mu_i obeys the strong law of large numbers if, to every pair epsilon,delta>0, there corresponds an N such that there is ...

A transposition graph G_n is a graph whose nodes correspond to permutations and edges to permutations that differ by exactly one transposition (Skiena 1990, p. 9, Clark ...

The ABC (atom-bond connectivity) energy of a graph is defined as the graph energy of its ABC matrix, i.e., the sum of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of its ABC matrix.

The ABC (atom-bond connectivity) index of a graph is defined as half the sum of the matrix elements of its ABC matrix. It was introduced by Estrada et al. (2017) to model the ...

A polynomial A_n(x;a) given by the associated Sheffer sequence with f(t)=te^(at), (1) given by A_n(x;a)=x(x-an)^(n-1). (2) The generating function is ...

Let u^_ denote the mean of a set of quantities u_i, then the absolute deviation is defined by Deltau_i=|u_i-u^_|.

The degree to which a given quantity is correct and free from error. For example, a quantity specified as 100+/-1 has an (absolute) accuracy of +/-1 (meaning its true value ...

The set E of edges of a loopless graph (V,E), being a set of unordered pairs of elements of V, constitutes an adjacency relation on V. Formally, an adjacency relation is any ...