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Stadium billiards refers to the investigation of the path of a billiard ball on a stadium-shaped billiard table, as first investigated by Bunimovich (1974).

The distribution of a variable is a description of the relative numbers of times each possible outcome will occur in a number of trials. The function describing the ...

A collection of subsets of a topological space that is contained in a basis of the topology and can be completed to a basis when adding all finite intersections of the ...

The survival function describes the probability that a variate X takes on a value greater than a number x (Evans et al. 2000, p. 6). The survival function is therefore ...

The taxicab metric, also called the Manhattan distance, is the metric of the Euclidean plane defined by g((x_1,y_1),(x_2,y_2))=|x_1-x_2|+|y_1-y_2|, for all points ...

The transitive closure of a binary relation R on a set X is the minimal transitive relation R^' on X that contains R. Thus aR^'b for any elements a and b of X provided that ...

The weighted mean of a discrete set of numbers {x_1,x_2,...,x_n} with weights {w_1,w_2,...,w_n} is given by <x>=sum_(i=1)^nw_ix_i, (1) where each weight w_i is a nonnegative ...

A k-subset is a subset of a set on n elements containing exactly k elements. The number of k-subsets on n elements is therefore given by the binomial coefficient (n; k). For ...

The characteristic polynomial is the polynomial left-hand side of the characteristic equation det(A-lambdaI)=0, (1) where A is a square matrix and I is the identity matrix of ...

The chromatic number of a graph G is the smallest number of colors needed to color the vertices of G so that no two adjacent vertices share the same color (Skiena 1990, p. ...