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A congruent number can be defined as an integer that is equal to the area of a rational right triangle (Koblitz 1993). Numbers (a,x,y,z,t) such that {x^2+ay^2=z^2; ...

Fermat's sandwich theorem states that 26 is the only number sandwiched between a perfect square number (5^2=25) and a perfect cubic number (3^3=27). According to Singh ...

The Frobenius number is the largest value b for which the Frobenius equation a_1x_1+a_2x_2+...+a_nx_n=b, (1) has no solution, where the a_i are positive integers, b is an ...

Let p>3 be a prime number, then 4(x^p-y^p)/(x-y)=R^2(x,y)-(-1)^((p-1)/2)pS^2(x,y), where R(x,y) and S(x,y) are homogeneous polynomials in x and y with integer coefficients. ...

A generalization of the equation whose solution is desired in Fermat's last theorem x^n+y^n=z^n to x^n+y^n=cz^n for x, y, z, and c positive constants, with trivial solutions ...

A triple (a,b,c) of positive integers satisfying a<b<c is said to be geometric if ac=b^2. In particular, such a triple is geometric if its terms form a geometric sequence ...

A triple (a,b,c) of positive integers satisfying a<b<c is said to be harmonic if 1/a+1/c=2/b. In particular, such a triple is harmonic if the reciprocals of its terms form an ...

Lucas's theorem states that if n>=3 be a squarefree integer and Phi_n(z) a cyclotomic polynomial, then Phi_n(z)=U_n^2(z)-(-1)^((n-1)/2)nzV_n^2(z), (1) where U_n(z) and V_n(z) ...

Consider solutions to the equation x^y=y^x. (1) Real solutions are given by x=y for x,y>0, together with the solution of (lny)/y=(lnx)/x, (2) which is given by ...

It is possible to find six points in the plane, no three on a line and no four on a circle (i.e., none of which are collinear or concyclic), such that all the mutual ...