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An oval is a curve resembling a squashed circle but, unlike the ellipse, without a precise mathematical definition. The word oval derived from the Latin word "ovus" for egg. ...

The path covering number (or path-covering number; Slater 1972) of a graph G, variously denoted as summarized below, is the minimum number of vertex-disjoint paths that cover ...

The Pauli matrices, also called the Pauli spin matrices, are complex matrices that arise in Pauli's treatment of spin in quantum mechanics. They are defined by sigma_1 = ...

A polygonal number of the form n(3n-1)/2. The first few are 1, 5, 12, 22, 35, 51, 70, ... (OEIS A000326). The generating function for the pentagonal numbers is ...

The triangle bounded by the polars of the vertices of a triangle DeltaABC with respect to a conic is called its polar triangle. The following table summarizes polar triangles ...

A proof that is only based on visual elements, without any comments. An arithmetic identity can be demonstrated by a picture showing a self-evident equality between numerical ...

Reverse Polish notation (RPN) is a method for representing expressions in which the operator symbol is placed after the arguments being operated on. Polish notation, in which ...

A Room square (named after T. G. Room) of order n (for n even) is an arrangement in an (n-1)×(n-1) square matrix of n objects such that each cell is either empty or holds ...

Let X be a set of urelements, and let V(X) be the superstructure with X as its set of individuals. Let kappa be a cardinal number. An enlargement V(^*X) is kappa-saturated ...

The scalar triple product of three vectors A, B, and C is denoted [A,B,C] and defined by [A,B,C] = A·(BxC) (1) = B·(CxA) (2) = C·(AxB) (3) = det(ABC) (4) = |A_1 A_2 A_3; B_1 ...