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A maximal ideal of a ring R is an ideal I, not equal to R, such that there are no ideals "in between" I and R. In other words, if J is an ideal which contains I as a subset, ...

A surface which a monkey can straddle with both legs and his tail. A simple Cartesian equation for such a surface is z=x(x^2-3y^2), (1) which can also be given by the ...

Nielsen's spiral, also called the sici spiral (von Seggern 1993) is the spiral with parametric equations x(t) = aci(t) (1) y(t) = asi(t), (2) where ci(t) is the cosine ...

The word "normal form" is used in a variety of different ways in mathematics. In general, it refers to a way of representing objects so that, although each may have many ...

An obelisk is a stone pillar erected as a monument that usually consists of a pyramid atop a tall square (or sometimes rectangular base). The elongated square pyramid can ...

The word "order" is used in a number of different ways in mathematics. Most commonly, it refers to the number of elements in (e.g., conjugacy class order, graph order, group ...

Ore algebra is an algebra of noncommutative polynomials representing linear operators for functional equations such as linear differential or difference equations. Ore ...

The orthogonal complement of a subspace V of the vector space R^n is the set of vectors which are orthogonal to all elements of V. For example, the orthogonal complement of ...

A subset {v_1,...,v_k} of a vector space V, with the inner product <,>, is called orthogonal if <v_i,v_j>=0 when i!=j. That is, the vectors are mutually perpendicular. Note ...

The surface of revolution of the parabola which is the shape used in the reflectors of automobile headlights (Steinhaus 1999, p. 242; Hilbert and Cohn-Vossen 1999). It is a ...