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A spherical triangle is a figure formed on the surface of a sphere by three great circular arcs intersecting pairwise in three vertices. The spherical triangle is the ...

Given a function f(x)=f_0(x), write f_1=f^'(x) and define the Sturm functions by f_n(x)=-{f_(n-2)(x)-f_(n-1)(x)[(f_(n-2)(x))/(f_(n-1)(x))]}, (1) where [P(x)/Q(x)] is a ...

Transfinite induction, like regular induction, is used to show a property P(n) holds for all numbers n. The essential difference is that regular induction is restricted to ...

In database structures, two quantities are generally of interest: the average number of comparisons required to 1. Find an existing random record, and 2. Insert a new random ...

Angle addition formulas express trigonometric functions of sums of angles alpha+/-beta in terms of functions of alpha and beta. The fundamental formulas of angle addition in ...

A connection on a vector bundle pi:E->M is a way to "differentiate" bundle sections, in a way that is analogous to the exterior derivative df of a function f. In particular, ...

n weighings are sufficient to find a bad coin among (3^n-1)/2 coins (Steinhaus 1999, p. 61). vos Savant (1993) gives an algorithm for finding a bad ball among 12 balls in ...

Number Theory

An n-mark Golomb ruler is a set of n distinct nonnegative integers (a_1,a_2,...,a_n), called "marks," such that the positive differences |a_i-a_j|, computed over all possible ...

The biconjugate gradient stabilized (BCGSTAB) method was developed to solve nonsymmetric linear systems while avoiding the often irregular convergence patterns of the ...