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An optimal filter used for the removal of noise from a signal which is corrupted by the measuring process itself.

In most computer programs and computing environments, the precision of any calculation (even including addition) is limited by the word size of the computer, that is, by ...

A New Kind of Science is a seminal work on simple programs by Stephen Wolfram. In 1980, Wolfram's studies found unexpected behavior in a collection of simple computer ...

"Chaos" is a tricky thing to define. In fact, it is much easier to list properties that a system described as "chaotic" has rather than to give a precise definition of chaos. ...

A finite group L is quasisimple if L=[L,L] and L/Z(L) is a simple group.

A property of finite simple groups which is known for all such groups.

Given n sets of variates denoted {X_1}, ..., {X_n} , the first-order covariance matrix is defined by V_(ij)=cov(x_i,x_j)=<(x_i-mu_i)(x_j-mu_j)>, where mu_i is the mean. ...

An equation is a mathematical expression stating that two or more quantities are the same as one another, also called an equality, formula, or identity.

Consider a probability space specified by the triple (S,S,P), where (S,S) is a measurable space, with S the domain and S is its measurable subsets, and P is a measure on S ...

A triple (S,S,P) on the domain S, where (S,S) is a measurable space, S are the measurable subsets of S, and P is a measure on S with P(S)=1.