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Presburger arithmetic is the first-order theory of the natural numbers containing addition but no multiplication. It is therefore not as powerful as Peano arithmetic. ...

For some authors (e.g., Bourbaki, 1964), the same as principal ideal domain. Most authors, however, do not require the ring to be an integral domain, and define a principal ...

A prolate spheroid is a spheroid that is "pointy" instead of "squashed," i.e., one for which the polar radius c is greater than the equatorial radius a, so c>a (called ...

A pseudoperfect number, sometimes also called a semiperfect number (Benkoski 1972, Butske et al. 1999), is a positive integer such as 20=1+4+5+10 which is the sum of some (or ...

A tree having four branches at each node. Quadtrees are used in the construction of some multidimensional databases (e.g., cartography, computer graphics, and image ...

Consider the Fibonacci-like recurrence a_n=+/-a_(n-1)+/-a_(n-2), (1) where a_0=0, a_1=1, and each sign is chosen independently and at random with probability 1/2. ...

A right strophoid is the strophoid of a line L with pole O not on L and fixed point O^' being the point where the perpendicular from O to L cuts L is called a right ...

Schur (1916) proved that no matter how the set of positive integers less than or equal to |_n!e_| (where |_x_| is the floor function) is partitioned into n classes, one class ...

The field of semidefinite programming (SDP) or semidefinite optimization (SDO) deals with optimization problems over symmetric positive semidefinite matrix variables with ...

As proved by Sierpiński (1960), there exist infinitely many positive odd numbers k such that k·2^n+1 is composite for every n>=1. Numbers k with this property are called ...