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A natural equation is an equation which specifies a curve independent of any choice of coordinates or parameterization. The study of natural equations began with the ...

The term "vesica piscis," meaning "fish bladder" in Latin, is used for the particular symmetric lens formed by the intersection of two equal circles whose centers are offset ...

Arc length is defined as the length along a curve, s=int_gamma|dl|, (1) where dl is a differential displacement vector along a curve gamma. For example, for a circle of ...

A B-spline is a generalization of the Bézier curve. Let a vector known as the knot vector be defined T={t_0,t_1,...,t_m}, (1) where T is a nondecreasing sequence with t_i in ...

Lockwood (1957) terms the ellipse negative pedal curve with pedal point at the focus "Burleigh's oval" in honor of his student M. J. Burleigh, who first drew his attention to ...

A Lindenmayer system, also known as an L-system, is a string rewriting system that can be used to generate fractals with dimension between 1 and 2. Several example fractals ...

Given a set X, let F be a nonempty set of subsets of X. Then F is a ring if, for every pair of sets in F, the intersection, union, and set difference is also in F. F is ...

Let DeltaA^'B^'C^' be a triangle perspective to a reference triangle DeltaABC with perspector D^(''). Let A^('') be the intersection of lines BC^' and CB^', B^('') the ...

Let G be a group and S be a topological G-set. Then a closed subset F of S is called a fundamental domain of G in S if S is the union of conjugates of F, i.e., S= union _(g ...

There are many mathematical and recreational problems related to folding. Origami, the Japanese art of paper folding, is one well-known example. It is possible to make a ...