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The bipartite double graph, also called the Kronecker cover, Kronecker double cover, bipartite double cover, canonical double cover, or bipartite double, of a given graph G ...

In general, polynomial equations higher than fourth degree are incapable of algebraic solution in terms of a finite number of additions, subtractions, multiplications, ...

The study of an extension of derivatives and integrals to noninteger orders. Fractional calculus is based on the definition of the fractional integral as ...

Trigonometric functions of npi/9 radians for n an integer not divisible by 3 (e.g., 40 degrees and 80 degrees) cannot be expressed in terms of sums, products, and finite root ...

A number which can be represented both in the form x_0^2-Dy_0^2 and in the form Dx_1^2-y_1^2. This is only possible when the Pell equation x^2-Dy^2=-1 (1) is solvable. Then ...

If a function phi:(0,infty)->(0,infty) satisfies 1. ln[phi(x)] is convex, 2. phi(x+1)=xphi(x) for all x>0, and 3. phi(1)=1, then phi(x) is the gamma function Gamma(x). ...

A curve given by the Cartesian equation b^2y^2=x^3(a-x). (1) It has area A=(a^3pi)/(8b). (2) The curvature is kappa(x)=(2b^2(3a^2-12ax+8x^2))/(sqrt(x)[4b^2(a-x)+(3a-4x)^2x]). ...

To find the minimum distance between a point in the plane (x_0,y_0) and a quadratic plane curve y=a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2, (1) note that the square of the distance is r^2 = ...

The quartic surface given by the equation x^4+y^4+z^4-(x^2+y^2+z^2)=0.

Given a circle C with center O and radius k, then two points P and Q are inverse with respect to C if OP·OQ=k^2. If P describes a curve C_1, then Q describes a curve C_2 ...