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A great circle is a section of a sphere that contains a diameter of the sphere (Kern and Bland 1948, p. 87). Sections of the sphere that do not contain a diameter are called ...

A sequence {a_n}_(n=1)^N forms a (binary) heap if it satisfies a_(|_j/2_|)<=a_j for 2<=j<=N, where |_x_| is the floor function, which is equivalent to a_i<a_(2i) and ...

Let there be n ways for a "good" selection and m ways for a "bad" selection out of a total of n+m possibilities. Take N samples and let x_i equal 1 if selection i is ...

An International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a code used to uniquely identify a book together. It also uniquely encodes the book's publisher and includes information about ...

An injective module is the dual notion to the projective module. A module M over a unit ring R is called injective iff whenever M is contained as a submodule in a module N, ...

A branch of mathematics which brings together ideas from algebraic geometry, linear algebra, and number theory. In general, there are two main types of K-theory: topological ...

A Kähler structure on a complex manifold M combines a Riemannian metric on the underlying real manifold with the complex structure. Such a structure brings together geometry ...

In combinatorial logic minimization, a device known as a Karnaugh map is frequently used. It is similar to a truth table, but the various variables are represented along two ...

A Lorentz transformation is a four-dimensional transformation x^('mu)=Lambda^mu_nux^nu, (1) satisfied by all four-vectors x^nu, where Lambda^mu_nu is a so-called Lorentz ...

The Lovász number theta(G) of a graph G, sometimes also called the theta function of G, was introduced by Lovász (1979) with the explicit goal of estimating the Shannon ...