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Given a commutative unit ring R and an extension ring S, an element s of S is called integral over R if it is one of the roots of a monic polynomial with coefficients in R.

A Fredholm integral equation of the second kind phi(x)=f(x)+lambdaint_a^bK(x,t)phi(t)dt (1) may be solved as follows. Take phi_0(x) = f(x) (2) phi_1(x) = ...

An extension ring R subset= S such that every element of S is integral over R.

The function K(alpha,t) in an integral or integral transform g(alpha)=int_a^bf(t)K(alpha,t)dt. Whittaker and Robinson (1967, p. 376) use the term nucleus for kernel.

The symbol int used to denote an integral intf(x)dx. The symbol was invented by Leibniz and chosen to be a stylized script "S" to stand for "summation."

A function of the coordinates which is constant along a trajectory in phase space. The number of degrees of freedom of a dynamical system such as the Duffing differential ...

The quantity being integrated, also called the integral kernel. For example, in intf(x)dx, f(x) is the integrand.

A discrete subset of R^s which is closed under addition and subtraction and which contains Z^s as a subset.

Let E be a set of expressions representing real, single-valued partially defined functions of one real variable. Let E^* be the set of functions represented by expressions in ...

A definition of a set by mentioning a defining property.