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By asking a small number of innocent-sounding questions about an unknown number, it is possible to reconstruct the number with absolute certainty (assuming that the questions ...

An impossible figure in which a stairway in the shape of a square appears to circulate indefinitely while still possessing normal steps (Penrose and Penrose 1958). The Dutch ...

A set of ascending sequences in a permutation is called a run (Graham et al. 1994) or sometimes a rise (Comtet 1974, p. 241). A sorted permutation consists of a single run, ...

Consider the Fibonacci-like recurrence a_n=+/-a_(n-1)+/-a_(n-2), (1) where a_0=0, a_1=1, and each sign is chosen independently and at random with probability 1/2. ...

Determination of whether predicate P(x_1,...,x_n) is true or false for any given values of x_1, ..., x_n is called its decision problem. The decision problem for predicate ...

Suppose that f is an analytic function which is defined in the upper half-disk {|z|^2<1,I[z]>0}. Further suppose that f extends to a continuous function on the real axis, and ...

Inscribe two triangles DeltaA_1B_1C_1 and DeltaA_2B_2C_2 in a reference triangle DeltaABC such that A = ∠AB_1C_1=∠AC_2B_2 (1) B = ∠BC_1A_1=∠BA_2C_2 (2) C = ∠CA_1B_1=∠CB_2A_2. ...

The logarithmic integral is defined as the Cauchy principal value li(x) = PVint_0^x(dt)/(lnt) (1) = ...

The tangential mid-arc triangle of a reference triangle DeltaABC is the triangle DeltaA^'B^'C^' whose sides are the tangents to the incircle at the intersections of the ...

A number of the form aba..., abab..., etc. The first few nontrivial undulants (with the stipulation that a!=b) are 101, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, 181, 191, 202, 212, ... ...