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Linear Algebra

The word "algebra" is a distortion of the Arabic title of a treatise by al-Khwārizmī about algebraic methods. In modern usage, algebra has several meanings. One use of the ...

The biharmonic operator, also known as the bilaplacian, is the differential operator defined by del ^4=(del ^2)^2, where del ^2 is the Laplacian. In n-dimensional space, del ...

An orthogonal projection of a cross onto a three-dimensional subspace. It is said to be normalized if the cross vectors are all of unit length.

The vectors +/-a_1, ..., +/-a_n in a three-space form a normalized eutactic star iff Tx=x for all x in the three-space.

Unit vectors which are orthogonal are said to be orthonormal.

Two vectors u and v are parallel if their cross product is zero, i.e., uxv=0.

The scalar |v|=ds/dt, where s is the arc length, equal to the magnitude of the velocity v.

Given a contravariant basis {e^->_1,...,e^->_n}, its dual covariant basis is given by e^->^alpha·e^->_beta=g(e^->^alpha,e^->_beta)=delta_beta^alpha, where g is the metric and ...

A separable algebraic extension E of F for which every irreducible polynomial in F which has a single root in E has all its roots in E is said to be Galoisian. Galoisian ...