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The word modulus has several different meanings in mathematics with respect to complex numbers, congruences, elliptic integrals, quadratic invariants, sets, etc. The modulus ...

In order to integrate a function over a complicated domain D, Monte Carlo integration picks random points over some simple domain D^' which is a superset of D, checks whether ...

A morphism is a map between two objects in an abstract category. 1. A general morphism is called a homomorphism, 2. A morphism f:Y->X in a category is a monomorphism if, for ...

The sequence of numbers which are sums of distinct powers of 4. The first few are 0, 1, 4, 5, 16, 17, 20, 21, 64, 65, 68, 69, 80, 81, 84, ... (OEIS A000695). These numbers ...

"Much greater" is used to indicate a strong inequality in which a is not only greater than b, but much greater (by some convention), is denoted a>>b. For an astronomer, ...

Curves with Cartesian equation ay^2=x(x^2-2bx+c) with a>0. The above equation represents the third class of Newton's classification of cubic curves, which Newton divided into ...

Newton's method, also called the Newton-Raphson method, is a root-finding algorithm that uses the first few terms of the Taylor series of a function f(x) in the vicinity of a ...

A noble number nu is defined as an irrational number having a continued fraction that becomes an infinite sequence of 1s at some point, nu=[0,a_1,a_2,...,a_n,1^_]. The ...

A ring is called left (respectively, right) Noetherian if it does not contain an infinite ascending chain of left (respectively, right) ideals. In this case, the ring in ...

A function H that maps an arbitrary length message M to a fixed length message digest MD is a one-way hash function if 1. It is a one-way function. 2. Given M and H(M), it is ...