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Ore (1962) noted that not only does a tree possesses a unique shortest path between any two vertices, but that there also exist also other connected graphs having the same ...

An algorithm used to recursively construct a set of objects from the smallest possible constituent parts. Given a set of k integers (a_1, a_2, ..., a_k) with a_1<a_2<...<a_k, ...

One of the numbers ..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, .... The set of integers forms a ring that is denoted Z. A given integer n may be negative (n in Z^-), nonnegative (n in Z^*), zero ...

The function intx gives the integer part of x. In many computer languages, the function is denoted int(x). It is related to the floor and ceiling functions |_x_| and [x] by ...

Any method which solves a problem by generating suitable random numbers and observing that fraction of the numbers obeying some property or properties. The method is useful ...

The multicomputational paradigm is a generalization of the computational paradigm to many computational threads of time. In the ordinary computational paradigm, time ...

Newton's iteration is an algorithm for computing the square root sqrt(n) of a number n via the recurrence equation x_(k+1)=1/2(x_k+n/(x_k)), (1) where x_0=1. This recurrence ...

Informally, a function f is a one-way function if 1. The description of f is publicly known and does not require any secret information for its operation. 2. Given x, it is ...

A tree having four branches at each node. Quadtrees are used in the construction of some multidimensional databases (e.g., cartography, computer graphics, and image ...

Quasi-Monte Carlo integration is a method of numerical integration that operates in the same way as Monte Carlo integration, but instead uses sequences of quasirandom numbers ...