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The Cauchy principal value of a finite integral of a function f about a point c with a<=c<=b is given by ...

The conjugate gradient method is an algorithm for finding the nearest local minimum of a function of n variables which presupposes that the gradient of the function can be ...

A double sum is a series having terms depending on two indices, sum_(i,j)b_(ij). (1) A finite double series can be written as a product of series ...

The inverse sine is the multivalued function sin^(-1)z (Zwillinger 1995, p. 465), also denoted arcsinz (Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p. 79; Harris and Stocker 1998, p. 307; ...

The Laplace transform is an integral transform perhaps second only to the Fourier transform in its utility in solving physical problems. The Laplace transform is particularly ...

A Turing machine is a theoretical computing machine invented by Alan Turing (1937) to serve as an idealized model for mathematical calculation. A Turing machine consists of a ...

A Turing machine which, by appropriate programming using a finite length of input tape, can act as any Turing machine whatsoever. In his seminal paper, Turing himself gave ...

A pyramid is a polyhedron with one face (known as the "base") a polygon and all the other faces triangles meeting at a common polygon vertex (known as the "apex"). A right ...

A cylindrical wedge, also called a cylindrical hoof or cylindrical ungula, is a wedge cut from a cylinder by slicing with a plane that intersects the base of the cylinder. ...

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel (and therefore opposite angles equal). A quadrilateral with equal sides is called a rhombus, and a ...