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One out of a set of identical observations in a given experiment under identical conditions.

The residual is the sum of deviations from a best-fit curve of arbitrary form. R=sum[y_i-f(x_i,a_1,...,a_n)]^2. The residual should not be confused with the correlation ...

If the fourth moment mu_4!=0, then P(|x^_-mu_4|>=lambda)<=(mu_4+3(N-1)sigma^4)/(N^3lambda^4), where sigma^2 is the variance.

The study of sampling

The measurable space (S^',S^') into which a random variable from a probability space is a measurable function.

(Deltau)_i^2=(u_i-u^_)^2, where u^_ is the average of {u_i}.

If the Lexis ratio L<1, a set of trials are said to be subnormal.

Possessing a three equivalent modes.

A statistical distribution such as the normal distribution which has a single "peak."

If s_x is the standard deviation of a set of samples x_i and x^_ their mean, then the variation coefficient is defined as V=(s_x)/(x^_).