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Let alpha(x) be a monotone increasing function and define an interval I=(x_1,x_2). Then define the nonnegative function U(I)=alpha(x_2)-alpha(x_1). The Lebesgue integral with ...

A function f(x) is logarithmically concave on the interval [a,b] if f>0 and lnf(x) is concave on [a,b]. The definition can also be extended to R^k->(0,infty) functions ...

For a given function f(x) over a partition of a given interval, the lower sum is the sum of box areas m^*Deltax_k using the infimum m of the function f(x) in each subinterval ...

The winding number W(theta) of a map f(theta) with initial value theta is defined by W(theta)=lim_(n->infty)(f^n(theta)-theta)/n, which represents the average increase in the ...

A measure space is a measurable space possessing a nonnegative measure. Examples of measure spaces include n-dimensional Euclidean space with Lebesgue measure and the unit ...

Spherical triangles into which a sphere is divided by the planes of symmetry of a uniform polyhedron.

A collection of open sets of a topological space whose union contains a given subset. For example, an open cover of the real line, with respect to the Euclidean topology, is ...

Two functions f(x) and g(x) are orthogonal over the interval a<=x<=b with weighting function w(x) if <f(x)|g(x)>=int_a^bf(x)g(x)w(x)dx=0. (1) If, in addition, ...

Orthogonal polynomials are classes of polynomials {p_n(x)} defined over a range [a,b] that obey an orthogonality relation int_a^bw(x)p_m(x)p_n(x)dx=delta_(mn)c_n, (1) where ...

If f is a continuous function that satisfies the Lipschitz condition |f(x,t)-f(y,t)|<=L|x-y| (1) in a surrounding of (x_0,t_0) in Omega subset ...