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Isomorphism is a very general concept that appears in several areas of mathematics. The word derives from the Greek iso, meaning "equal," and morphosis, meaning "to form" or ...

An algorithm for computing the eigenvalues and eigenvectors for large symmetric sparse matrices.

A near-perfect matching is a matching in which a single vertex is left unmatched. Just as perfect matchings can occur only for graphs with an even number of vertices, ...

A point which lies on at least one ordinary line is called an ordinary point, or sometimes a regular point.

The Paley class of a positive integer m=0 (mod 4) is defined as the set of all possible quadruples (k,e,q,n) where m=2^e(q^n+1), (1) q is an odd prime, and k={0 if q=0; 1 if ...

Proved in 1933. If q is an odd prime or q=0 and n is any positive integer, then there is a Hadamard matrix of order m=2^e(q^n+1), where e is any positive integer such that ...

A section of a solid is the plane figure cut from the solid by passing a plane through it (Kern and Bland 1948, p. 18).

Two nodes connected to the same node which are same distance from the root vertex in a rooted tree are called siblings. A function to return the siblings of a vertex v in a ...

An exchange of two elements of an ordered list with all others staying the same. A transposition is therefore a permutation of two elements. For example, the swapping of 2 ...

The height of a tree g is defined as the vertex height of its root vertex, where the vertex height of a vertex v in a tree g is the number of edges on the longest downward ...