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Abstract Algebra

A symmetric bilinear form on a vector space V is a bilinear function Q:V×V->R (1) which satisfies Q(v,w)=Q(w,v). For example, if A is a n×n symmetric matrix, then ...

Zeno's paradoxes are a set of four paradoxes dealing with counterintuitive aspects of continuous space and time. 1. Dichotomy paradox: Before an object can travel a given ...

An integer d is a fundamental discriminant if it is not equal to 1, not divisible by any square of any odd prime, and satisfies d=1 (mod 4) or d=8,12 (mod 16). The function ...

There are many formulas of pi of many types. Among others, these include series, products, geometric constructions, limits, special values, and pi iterations. pi is ...

kappa(d)={(2lneta(d))/(sqrt(d)) for d>0; (2pi)/(w(d)sqrt(|d|)) for d<0, (1) where eta(d) is the fundamental unit and w(d) is the number of substitutions which leave the ...

The maximum degree, sometimes simply called the maximum degree, of a graph G is the largest vertex degree of G, denoted Delta.

Obstruction theory studies the extensibility of maps using algebraic gadgets. While the terminology rapidly becomes technical and convoluted (as Iyanaga and Kawada (1980) ...

A knot property, also called the twist number, defined as the sum of crossings p of a link L, w(L)=sum_(p in C(L))epsilon(p), (1) where epsilon(p) defined to be +/-1 if the ...

A set A of integers is said to be one-one reducible to a set B (A<<_1B) if there is a one-one recursive function f such that for every x, x in A=>f(x) in B (1) and f(x) in ...