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A noncommutative ring R is a ring in which the law of multiplicative commutativity is not satisfied, i.e., a·b!=b·a for any two elements a,b in R. In such a case, the ...

The only nonassociative division algebra with real scalars. There is an 8-square identity corresponding to this algebra. The elements of a Cayley algebra are called Cayley ...

A vector space V is a set that is closed under finite vector addition and scalar multiplication. The basic example is n-dimensional Euclidean space R^n, where every element ...

The delta function is a generalized function that can be defined as the limit of a class of delta sequences. The delta function is sometimes called "Dirac's delta function" ...

A section of a fiber bundle gives an element of the fiber over every point in B. Usually it is described as a map s:B->E such that pi degreess is the identity on B. A ...

int_a^b(del f)·ds=f(b)-f(a), where del is the gradient, and the integral is a line integral. It is this relationship which makes the definition of a scalar potential function ...

Define the zeta function of a variety over a number field by taking the product over all prime ideals of the zeta functions of this variety reduced modulo the primes. Hasse ...

A multilinear form on a vector space V(F) over a field F is a map f:V(F)×...×V(F)->F (1) such that c·f(u_1,...,u_i,...,u_n)=f(u_1,...,c·u_i,...,u_n) (2) and ...

In machine learning theory and artificial intelligence, a concept c over a domain X is a Boolean function c:X->{0,1}. A collection of concepts is called a concept class. In ...

The goat problem (or bull-tethering problem) considers a fenced circular field of radius a with a goat (or bull, or other animal) tied to a point on the interior or exterior ...