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The ratio of the independence number of a graph G to its vertex count is known as the independence ratio of G (Bollobás 1981). The product of the chromatic number and ...

The indices of a contravariant tensor A^j can be lowered, turning it into a covariant tensor A_i, by multiplication by a so-called metric tensor g_(ij), e.g., g_(ij)A^j=A_i.

A particular type of automorphism group which exists only for groups. For a group G, the inner automorphism group is defined by Inn(G)={sigma_a:a in G} subset Aut(G) where ...

An inscribed angle is an angle ∠ABC formed by points A, B, and C on a circle's circumference as illustrated above. For an inscribed angle ∠ABC and central angle ∠AOC with the ...

The interior of a set is the union of all its open subsets. More informally, the interior of geometric structure is that portion of a region lying "inside" a specified ...

A negative-height (inward-pointing) pyramid used in augmentation. The term was introduced by B. Grünbaum.

A polynomial admitting a multiplicative inverse. In the polynomial ring R[x], where R is an integral domain, the invertible polynomials are precisely the constant polynomials ...

Let a plane figure have area A and perimeter p. Then Q=(4piA)/(p^2)<=1, where Q is known as the isoperimetric quotient. The equation becomes an equality only for a circle.

The circumcircle of the Johnson triangle DeltaJ_AJ_BJ_C has center at the orthocenter H of the reference triangle and radius R, where R is the circumradius of the reference ...

The throwing and catching of multiple objects such that at least one is always in the air. Some aspects of juggling turn out to be quite mathematical. The best examples are ...