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Given a map with genus g>0, Heawood showed in 1890 that the maximum number N_u of colors necessary to color a map (the chromatic number) on an unbounded surface is N_u = ...

A vertex coloring is an assignment of labels or colors to each vertex of a graph such that no edge connects two identically colored vertices. The most common type of vertex ...

Let B_n(r) be the n-dimensional closed ball of radius r>1 centered at the origin. A function which is defined on B(r) is called an extension to B(r) of a function f defined ...

Gaussian primes are Gaussian integers z=a+bi satisfying one of the following properties. 1. If both a and b are nonzero then, a+bi is a Gaussian prime iff a^2+b^2 is an ...

The nth k-statistic k_n is the unique symmetric unbiased estimator of the cumulant kappa_n of a given statistical distribution, i.e., k_n is defined so that <k_n>=kappa_n, ...

The probability density function (PDF) P(x) of a continuous distribution is defined as the derivative of the (cumulative) distribution function D(x), D^'(x) = ...

A correction to a discrete binomial distribution to approximate a continuous distribution. P(a<=X<=b) approx P((a-1/2-np)/(sqrt(np(1-p)))<=z<=(b+1/2-np)/(sqrt(np(1-p)))), ...

Bayesian analysis is a statistical procedure which endeavors to estimate parameters of an underlying distribution based on the observed distribution. Begin with a "prior ...

The inverse tangent integral Ti_2(x) is defined in terms of the dilogarithm Li_2(x) by Li_2(ix)=1/4Li_2(-x^2)+iTi_2(x) (1) (Lewin 1958, p. 33). It has the series ...

The biconjugate gradient stabilized (BCGSTAB) method was developed to solve nonsymmetric linear systems while avoiding the often irregular convergence patterns of the ...