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A measure which takes values in the complex numbers. The set of complex measures on a measure space X forms a vector space. Note that this is not the case for the more common ...

The complexity of a process or algorithm is a measure of how difficult it is to perform. The study of the complexity of algorithms is known as complexity theory. In general, ...

Every finite group G of order greater than one possesses a finite series of subgroups, called a composition series, such that I<|H_s<|...<|H_2<|H_1<|G, where H_(i+1) is a ...

A computation is an operation that begins with some initial conditions and gives an output which follows from a definite set of rules. The most common example are ...

The computational paradigm is a term introduced by Wolfram (2002, 2021) to describe the idea of using simple programs rather than mathematical equations (the latter of which ...

In machine learning theory and artificial intelligence, a concept c over a domain X is a Boolean function c:X->{0,1}. A collection of concepts is called a concept class. In ...

A curve whose name means "shell form." Let C be a curve and O a fixed point. Let P and P^' be points on a line from O to C meeting it at Q, where P^'Q=QP=k, with k a given ...

The conchoid of de Sluze is the cubic curve first constructed by René de Sluze in 1662. It is given by the implicit equation (x-1)(x^2+y^2)=ax^2, (1) or the polar equation ...

It is conjectured that any convex body in n-dimensional Euclidean space has an interior point lying on normals through 2n distinct boundary points (Croft et al. 1991). This ...

Let X and Y be sets, and let R subset= X×Y be a relation on X×Y. Then R is a concurrent relation if and only if for any finite subset F of X, there exists a single element p ...