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The integral closure of a commutative unit ring R in an extension ring S is the set of all elements of S which are integral over R. It is a subring of S containing R.

A ring that is commutative under multiplication, has a multiplicative identity element, and has no divisors of 0. The integers form an integral domain.

Given a commutative unit ring R and an extension ring S, an element s of S is called integral over R if it is one of the roots of a monic polynomial with coefficients in R.

A Fredholm integral equation of the second kind phi(x)=f(x)+lambdaint_a^bK(x,t)phi(t)dt (1) may be solved as follows. Take phi_0(x) = f(x) (2) phi_1(x) = ...

An extension ring R subset= S such that every element of S is integral over R.

The function K(alpha,t) in an integral or integral transform g(alpha)=int_a^bf(t)K(alpha,t)dt. Whittaker and Robinson (1967, p. 376) use the term nucleus for kernel.

The symbol int used to denote an integral intf(x)dx. The symbol was invented by Leibniz and chosen to be a stylized script "S" to stand for "summation."

The quantity being integrated, also called the integral kernel. For example, in intf(x)dx, f(x) is the integrand.

The intercept form of a line in the Cartesian plane with x-intercept a and y-intercept b is given by x/a+y/b=1.

Interest is a fee (or payment) made for the borrowing (or lending) of money. The two most common types of interest are simple interest, for which interest is paid only on the ...