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Given a set X, a set function mu^*:2^X->[0,infty] is said to be an outer measure provided that mu^*(emptyset)=0 and that mu^* is countably monotone, where emptyset is the ...

The outer Soddy circle is the solution to the four coins problem. It has circle function l=((-a+b+c)^2[f(a,b,c)+16g(a,b,c)rs])/(4bc[(a^2+b^2+c^2)-2(ab+bc+ca)+8rs]^4), (1) ...

An outerplanar graph is a graph that can be embedded in the plane such that all vertices lie on the outer face. Outerplanar graphs are planar and, by their definition, ...

An outlier is an observation that lies outside the overall pattern of a distribution (Moore and McCabe 1999). Usually, the presence of an outlier indicates some sort of ...

The P versus NP problem is the determination of whether all NP-problems are actually P-problems. If P and NP are not equivalent, then the solution of NP-problems requires (in ...

If P(z) is a power series which is regular for |z|<=1 except for m poles within this circle and except for z=+1, at which points the function is assumed continuous when only ...

Following the work of Fuchs in classifying first-order ordinary differential equations, Painlevé studied second-order ordinary differential equation of the form ...

A set of two numbers or objects linked in some way is said to be a pair. The pair a and b is usually denoted (a, b), and is generally considered to be ordered, making it a ...

The pair group of a group G is the group that acts on the 2-subsets of {1,...,p} whose permutations are induced by G. Pair groups can be calculated using PairGroup[g] in the ...

Given any set B, the associated pair groupoid is the set B×B with the maps alpha(a,b)=a and beta(a,b)=b, and multiplication (a,b)·(b,c)=(a,c). The inverse is ...