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A general quadratic Diophantine equation in two variables x and y is given by ax^2+cy^2=k, (1) where a, c, and k are specified (positive or negative) integers and x and y are ...

The Dirichlet beta function is defined by the sum beta(x) = sum_(n=0)^(infty)(-1)^n(2n+1)^(-x) (1) = 2^(-x)Phi(-1,x,1/2), (2) where Phi(z,s,a) is the Lerch transcendent. The ...

A polynomial in a single variable, e.g., P(x)=a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0, as opposed to a multivariate polynomial.

If the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture holds for all semistable elliptic curves, then Fermat's last theorem is true. Before its proof by Ribet in 1986, the theorem had been ...

If M^n is a differentiable homotopy sphere of dimension n>=5, then M^n is homeomorphic to S^n. In fact, M^n is diffeomorphic to a manifold obtained by gluing together the ...

A divisor, also called a factor, of a number n is a number d which divides n (written d|n). For integers, only positive divisors are usually considered, though obviously the ...

A Heronian triangle is a triangle having rational side lengths and rational area. The triangles are so named because such triangles are related to Heron's formula ...

The summatory function Phi(n) of the totient function phi(n) is defined by Phi(n) = sum_(k=1)^(n)phi(k) (1) = sum_(m=1)^(n)msum_(d|m)(mu(d))/d (2) = ...

There are two definitions of the Fermat number. The less common is a number of the form 2^n+1 obtained by setting x=1 in a Fermat polynomial, the first few of which are 3, 5, ...

A figurate number, also (but mostly in texts from the 1500 and 1600s) known as a figural number (Simpson and Weiner 1992, p. 587), is a number that can be represented by a ...