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The study of an extension of derivatives and integrals to noninteger orders. Fractional calculus is based on the definition of the fractional integral as ...

The maximum possible weight of a fractional clique of a graph G is called the fractional clique number of G, denoted omega^*(G) (Godsil and Royle 2001, pp. 136-137) or ...

For any nonzero lambda in C, either 1. The equation Tv-lambdav=0 has a nonzero solution v, or 2. The equation Tv-lambdav=f has a unique solution v for any function f. In the ...

When referring to a planar object, "free" means that the object is regarded as capable of being picked up out of the plane and flipped over. As a result, mirror images are ...

An integer d is a fundamental discriminant if it is not equal to 1, not divisible by any square of any odd prime, and satisfies d=1 (mod 4) or d=8,12 (mod 16). The function ...

Gauss's theorema egregium states that the Gaussian curvature of a surface embedded in three-space may be understood intrinsically to that surface. "Residents" of the surface ...

The Gelfand transform x|->x^^ is defined as follows. If phi:B->C is linear and multiplicative in the senses phi(ax+by)=aphi(x)+bphi(y) and phi(xy)=phi(x)phi(y), where B is a ...

The internal (external) bisecting plane of a dihedral angle of a tetrahedron divides the opposite edge in the ratio of the areas of the adjacent faces.

The Gibbs phenomenon is an overshoot (or "ringing") of Fourier series and other eigenfunction series occurring at simple discontinuities. It can be reduced with the Lanczos ...

An illusion in which the eye alternately sees two black faces, or a white goblet.