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Midpoint augmentation, a term introduced here, is a variant of conventional augmentation in which each facial polygon is replaced by a triangular polygon joining vertices ...

Let V=R^k be a k-dimensional vector space over R, let S subset V, and let W={w in V:w·n^^=0} be a subspace of V of dimension k-1, where n^^ is a unit normal vector of W. Then ...

According to many authors (e.g., Kelley 1955, p. 112; Joshi 1983, p. 162; Willard 1970, p. 99) a normal space is a topological space in which for any two disjoint closed sets ...

Parametric equations are a set of equations that express a set of quantities as explicit functions of a number of independent variables, known as "parameters." For example, ...

The unique nonnegative square root of a nonnegative real number. For example, the principal square root of 9 is 3, although both -3 and 3 are square roots of 9. The concept ...

A mathematical problem, usually not requiring advanced mathematics, to which a solution is desired. Puzzles frequently require the rearrangement of existing pieces (e.g., 15 ...

The Latin prefix quadri- is used to indicate the number 4, for example, quadrilateral, quadrant, etc. However, it also very commonly used to denote objects involving the ...

The term rectification is sometimes used to refer to the determination of the length of a curve. Rectification also refers to the operation which converts the midpoints of ...

A rhombus is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel and all sides the same length, i.e., an equilateral parallelogram. The word rhomb is sometimes used ...

The ring of integers is the set of integers ..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ..., which form a ring. This ring is commonly denoted Z (doublestruck Z), or sometimes I (doublestruck I). ...