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A uniform distribution of points on the circumference of a circle can be obtained by picking a random real number between 0 and 2pi. Picking random points on a circle is ...

In one dimension, the Gaussian function is the probability density function of the normal distribution, f(x)=1/(sigmasqrt(2pi))e^(-(x-mu)^2/(2sigma^2)), (1) sometimes also ...

A goodness-of-fit test for any statistical distribution. The test relies on the fact that the value of the sample cumulative density function is asymptotically normally ...

A factorization algorithm which works by expressing N as a quadratic form in two different ways. Then N=a^2+b^2=c^2+d^2, (1) so a^2-c^2=d^2-b^2 (2) (a-c)(a+c)=(d-b)(d+b). (3) ...

Also known as the difference of squares method. It was first used by Fermat and improved by Gauss. Gauss looked for integers x and y satisfying y^2=x^2-N (mod E) for various ...

The restricted topological group direct product of the group G_(k_nu) with distinct invariant open subgroups G_(0_nu).

For R[mu+nu]>1, int_(-pi/2)^(pi/2)cos^(mu+nu-2)thetae^(itheta(mu-nu+2xi))dtheta=(piGamma(mu+nu-1))/(2^(mu+nu-2)Gamma(mu+xi)Gamma(nu-xi)), where Gamma(z) is the gamma function.

A continuous vector bundle is a vector bundle pi:E->M with only the structure of a topological manifold. The map pi is continuous. It has no smooth structure or bundle metric.

Given a module M over a unit ring R, the set End_R(M) of its module endomorphisms is a ring with respect to the addition of maps, (f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x), for all x in M, and the ...

The involute of the epicycloid x = (a+b)cost-bcos[((a+b)/b)t] (1) y = (a+b)sint-bsin[((a+b)/b)t] (2) is another epicycloid given by x = (a+2b)/a{(a+b)cost+bcos[((a+b)/b)t]} ...