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A reduction system is called confluent (or globally confluent) if, for all x, u, and w such that x->_*u and x->_*w, there exists a z such that u->_*z and w->_*z. A reduction ...

An additive category is a category for which the morphism sets have the structure of Abelian groups. It satisfies some, but not all the properties of an Abelian category.

A type of error-correcting code that is related to Hadamard matrices.

A spheroidal harmonic is a special case of an ellipsoidal harmonic that satisfies the differential equation d/(dx)[(1-x^2)(dS)/(dx)]+(lambda-c^2x^2-(m^2)/(1-x^2))S=0 on the ...

The m+1 ellipsoidal harmonics when kappa_1, kappa_2, and kappa_3 are given can be arranged in such a way that the rth function has r-1 zeros between -a^2 and -b^2 and the ...

A two-dimensional binary (k=2) totalistic cellular automaton with a von Neumann neighborhood of range r=1. It has a birth rule that at least 2 of its 4 neighbors are alive, ...

(1-x^2)(d^2y)/(dx^2)-x(dy)/(dx)+alpha^2y=0 (1) for |x|<1. The Chebyshev differential equation has regular singular points at -1, 1, and infty. It can be solved by series ...

In simple terms, let x, y, and z be members of an algebra. Then the algebra is said to be associative if x·(y·z)=(x·y)·z, (1) where · denotes multiplication. More formally, ...

A multiway system that generates causal networks which are all isomorphic as acyclic digraphs is said to exhibit causal invariance, and the causal network itself is also said ...

A causal network is an acyclic digraph arising from an evolution of a substitution system, and representing its history. The illustration above shows a causal network ...