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The spectrum of a ring is the set of proper prime ideals, Spec(R)={p:p is a prime ideal in R}. (1) The classical example is the spectrum of polynomial rings. For instance, ...

The Euler polynomial E_n(x) is given by the Appell sequence with g(t)=1/2(e^t+1), (1) giving the generating function (2e^(xt))/(e^t+1)=sum_(n=0)^inftyE_n(x)(t^n)/(n!). (2) ...

The hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials defined by P_n^((lambda))(x;phi)=((2lambda)_n)/(n!)e^(inphi)_2F_1(-n,lambda+ix;2lambda;1-e^(-2iphi)), (1) where (x)_n is the ...

Let m and m+h be two consecutive critical indices of f and let F be (m+h)-normal. If the polynomials p^~_k^((n)) are defined by p^~_0^((n))(u) = 1 (1) p^~_(k+1)^((n))(u) = ...

A vertex is a special point of a mathematical object, and is usually a location where two or more lines or edges meet. Vertices are most commonly encountered in angles, ...

A straight angle is an angle equal to 180 degrees=pi radians. Two right angles make a straight angle, and two straight angles make a full angle.

An affine variety V is an algebraic variety contained in affine space. For example, {(x,y,z):x^2+y^2-z^2=0} (1) is the cone, and {(x,y,z):x^2+y^2-z^2=0,ax+by+cz=0} (2) is a ...

A method for finding roots of a polynomial equation f(x)=0. Now find an equation whose roots are the roots of this equation diminished by r, so (1) The expressions for f(r), ...

There are many formulas of pi of many types. Among others, these include series, products, geometric constructions, limits, special values, and pi iterations. pi is ...

An algebraic set is the locus of zeros of a collection of polynomials. For example, the circle is the set of zeros of x^2+y^2-1 and the point at (0,0) is the set of zeros of ...