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A left eigenvector is defined as a row vector X_L satisfying X_LA=lambda_LX_L. In many common applications, only right eigenvectors (and not left eigenvectors) need be ...

The portion of the complex plane z=x+iy with real part R[z]<0.

Let H be a subgroup of G. A subset T of elements of G is called a left transversal of H if T contains exactly one element of each left coset of H.

Any of the three standard forms in which an elliptic integral can be expressed.

Given a function of two variables df = (partialf)/(partialx)dx+(partialf)/(partialy)dy (1) = udx+vdy, (2) change the differentials from dx and dy to du and dy with the ...

A prime factorization algorithm in which a sequence of trial divisors is chosen using a quadratic sieve. By using quadratic residues of N, the quadratic residues of the ...

An algorithm which isolates roots in the complex plane by generalizing one-dimensional bracketing.

The Lehmer mean of a set of n numbers {a_k}_(k=1)^n is defined by L_p(a_1,...,a_n)=(sum_(k=1)^(n)a_k^p)/(sum_(k=1)^(n)a_k^(p-1)) (Havil 2003, p. 121).

Lehmer's formula is a formula for the prime counting function, pi(x) = (1) where |_x_| is the floor function, a = pi(x^(1/4)) (2) b = pi(x^(1/2)) (3) b_i = pi(sqrt(x/p_i)) ...

A generalization of the product rule for expressing arbitrary-order derivatives of products of functions, where (n; k) is a binomial coefficient. This can also be written ...