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The difference of a quantity from some fixed value, usually the "correct" or "expected" one.

The shortest path-spanning tree from a graph vertex of a graph.

Partial differential equation boundary conditions which give the value of the function on a surface, e.g., T=f(r,t).

A piecewise regular function that 1. Has a finite number of finite discontinuities and 2. Has a finite number of extrema can be expanded in a Fourier series which converges ...

In two dimensions, the curve known as an "egg' is an oval with one end more pointed than the other.

A portion of the Mandelbrot set centered around 0.3+0i with size approximately 0.1+0.1i.

A binary tree in which special nodes are added wherever a null subtree was present in the original tree so that each node in the original tree (except the root node) has ...

Let M^n be an n-manifold and let F={F_alpha} denote a partition of M into disjoint pathwise-connected subsets. Then if F is a foliation of M, each F_alpha is called a leaf ...

A fork of a tree T is a node of T which is the endpoint of two or more branches.

Schroeder (1991) calls the ceiling function symbols [ and ] the "gallows" because of their similarity in appearance to the structure used for hangings.