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Operations research is a vast branch of mathematics which encompasses many diverse areas of minimization and optimization. Thousands of books have been written worldwide on ...

The common logarithm is the logarithm to base 10. The notation logx is used by physicists, engineers, and calculator keypads to denote the common logarithm. However, ...

Einstein summation is a notational convention for simplifying expressions including summations of vectors, matrices, and general tensors. There are essentially three rules of ...

A rational number expressed in the form a/b (in-line notation) or a/b (traditional "display" notation), where a is called the numerator and b is called the denominator. When ...

A base-60, or sexagesimal, number system, used by the ancient Babylonians.

The conjugate transpose of an m×n matrix A is the n×m matrix defined by A^(H)=A^_^(T), (1) where A^(T) denotes the transpose of the matrix A and A^_ denotes the conjugate ...

An orbifold is the object obtained by identifying any two points of a map which are equivalent under some symmetry of the map's group.

The notation R^_ denotes the set of affinely extended real numbers.

"Arabic numerals" are the numerical symbols 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 0. Historically, Indian numerals evolved in Arab usage roughly 1000 A.D., and there was rare ...

A bar (also called an overbar) is a horizontal line written above a mathematical symbol to give it some special meaning. If the bar is placed over a single symbol, as in x^_ ...