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A curve in two dimensions on which the value of a function f(x,y) is a constant. Other synonymous terms are isarithm, isopleth, and contour line. A plot of several ...

The bias of an estimator theta^~ is defined as B(theta^~)=<theta^~>-theta. (1) It is therefore true that theta^~-theta = (theta^~-<theta^~>)+(<theta^~>-theta) (2) = ...

Also known as the difference of squares method. It was first used by Fermat and improved by Gauss. Gauss looked for integers x and y satisfying y^2=x^2-N (mod E) for various ...

A function whose value increases more quickly than any polynomial is said to be an exponentially increasing function. The prototypical example is the function e^x, plotted ...

The kth exterior power of an element alpha in an exterior algebra LambdaV is given by the wedge product of alpha with itself k times. Note that if alpha has odd degree, then ...

The knots that make up a knot sum of a composite knot are known as factor knots (Adams 1994, p. 8).

The flattening of a spheroid (also called oblateness) is denoted epsilon or f (Snyder 1987, p. 13). It is defined as epsilon={(a-c)/a=1-c/a oblate; (c-a)/a=c/a-1 prolate, (1) ...

F_x[1/pi(1/2Gamma)/((x-x_0)^2+(1/2Gamma)^2)](k)=e^(-2piikx_0-Gammapi|k|). This transform arises in the computation of the characteristic function of the Cauchy distribution.

A frustum (unfortunately commonly misspelled "frustrum") is that portion of a solid which lies between two parallel planes cutting the solid. Degenerate cases are obtained ...

Two unit-speed plane curves which have the same curvature differ only by a Euclidean motion.