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The latitude of a point on a sphere is the elevation of the point from the plane of the equator. The latitude delta is related to the colatitude (the polar angle in spherical ...

A path, also known as a rhumb line, which cuts a meridian on a given surface at any constant angle but a right angle. If the surface is a sphere, the loxodrome is a spherical ...

A triangle center alpha:beta:gamma is called a major triangle center if the triangle center function alpha=f(a,b,c,A,B,C) is a function of angle A alone, and therefore beta ...

The mid-arc triangle is the triangle DeltaA^'B^'C^' whose vertices consist of the intersections of the internal angle bisectors with the incircle, where the points of ...

Two lines, vectors, planes, etc., are said to be perpendicular if they meet at a right angle. In R^n, two vectors a and b are perpendicular if their dot product a·b=0. (1) In ...

Bubbles can meet only at angles of 120 degrees (for three bubbles) and cos^(-1)(-1/3) approx 109 degrees28^'16^('') (for four bubbles), where cos^(-1)(-1/3) is the ...

There are two different definitions of "polar vector." In elementary math, the term "polar vector" is used to refer to a representation of a vector as a vector magnitude ...

Spherical coordinates, also called spherical polar coordinates (Walton 1967, Arfken 1985), are a system of curvilinear coordinates that are natural for describing positions ...

The study of figures on the surface of a sphere (such as the spherical triangle and spherical polygon), as opposed to the type of geometry studied in plane geometry or solid ...

Given n points, find the line segments with the shortest possible total length which connect the points. The segments need not necessarily be straight from one point to ...