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A fractal curve, also called the C-curve (Gosper 1972). The base curve and motif are illustrated below. Duvall and Keesling (1999) proved that the Hausdorff dimension of the ...

The roots of a semisimple Lie algebra g are the Lie algebra weights occurring in its adjoint representation. The set of roots form the root system, and are completely ...

In calculus, geometry, and plotting contexts, the term "linear function" means a function whose graph is a straight line, i.e., a polynomial function of degree 0 or 1. A ...

A link invariant defined for a two-component oriented link as the sum of +1 crossings and -1 crossing over all crossings between the two links divided by 2. For components ...

The second-order ordinary differential equation y^('')+g(y)y^('2)+f(x)y^'=0 (1) is called Liouville's equation (Goldstein and Braun 1973; Zwillinger 1997, p. 124), as are the ...

A semi-Riemannian manifold M=(M,g) is said to be Lorentzian if dim(M)>=2 and if the index I=I_g associated with the metric tensor g satisfies I=1. Alternatively, a smooth ...

An orientation on an n-dimensional manifold is given by a nowhere vanishing differential n-form. Alternatively, it is an bundle orientation for the tangent bundle. If an ...

A maximal ideal of a ring R is an ideal I, not equal to R, such that there are no ideals "in between" I and R. In other words, if J is an ideal which contains I as a subset, ...

A function f:X->R is measurable if, for every real number a, the set {x in X:f(x)>a} is measurable. When X=R with Lebesgue measure, or more generally any Borel measure, then ...

1. Find a complete system of invariants, or 2. Decide when two metrics differ only by a coordinate transformation. The most common statement of the problem is, "Given metrics ...