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The dual vector space to a real vector space V is the vector space of linear functions f:V->R, denoted V^*. In the dual of a complex vector space, the linear functions take ...

A metatheorem stating that every theorem on partially ordered sets remains true if all inequalities are reversed. In this operation, supremum must be replaced by infimum, ...

A two-person game where each of the players can take as long as he likes to prepare his move, but the other can take advantage of his hesitation. In this conflict situation, ...

A variable that appears in a calculation only as a placeholder and which disappears completely in the final result. For example, in the integral int_0^xf(x^')dx^', x^' is a ...

A Dyck path is a staircase walk from (0,0) to (n,n) that lies strictly below (but may touch) the diagonal y=x. The number of Dyck paths of order n is given by the Catalan ...

Based on a problem in particle physics, Dyson (1962abc) conjectured that the constant term in the Laurent series product_(1<=i!=j<=n)(1-(x_i)/(x_j))^(a_i) is the multinomial ...

For any alpha in A (where A denotes the set of algebraic numbers), let |alpha|^_ denote the maximum of moduli of all conjugates of alpha. Then a function ...

The Earth-Moon problem is a special case of the empire problem for countries with m=2 disjoint regions, with one region of each country lying on the Earth and one on the Moon ...

If q_n is the nth prime such that M_(q_n) is a Mersenne prime, then q_n∼(3/2)^n. It was modified by Wagstaff (1983) to yield Wagstaff's conjecture, q_n∼(2^(e^(-gamma)))^n, ...

A matrix that has undergone Gaussian elimination is said to be in row echelon form or, more properly, "reduced echelon form" or "row-reduced echelon form." Such a matrix has ...