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Throughout abstract algebra, the term "magma" is most often used as a synonym of the more antiquated term "groupoid," referring to a set equipped with a binary operator. The ...

An algebra with no nontrivial nilpotent ideals. In the 1890s, Cartan, Frobenius, and Molien independently proved that any finite-dimensional semisimple algebra over the real ...

Given a Hilbert space H, the sigma-strong operator topology is the topology on the algebra L(H) of bounded operators from H to itself defined as follows: A sequence S_i of ...

Let H be a Hilbert space and (e_i)_(i in I) an orthonormal basis for H. The set of all products of two Hilbert-Schmidt operators is denoted N(H), and its elements are called ...

Let union represent "or", intersection represent "and", and ^' represent "not." Then, for two logical units E and F, (E union F)^'=E^' intersection F^' (E intersection ...

Let K be a field, and A a K-algebra. Elements y_1, ..., y_n are algebraically independent over K if the natural surjection K[Y_1,...,Y_n]->K[y_1,...,y_n] is an isomorphism. ...

If F is the Borel sigma-algebra on some topological space, then a measure m:F->R is said to be a Borel measure (or Borel probability measure). For a Borel measure, all ...

Let A be a unital Banach algebra. If a in A and ||1-a||<1, then a^(-1) can be represented by the series sum_(n=0)^(infty)(1-a)^n. This criterion for checking invertibility of ...

Elementary methods consist of arithmetic, geometry, and high school algebra. These are the only tools that may be used in the branch of number theory known as elementary ...

A closed ideal I in a C^*-algebra A is called essential if I has nonzero intersection with every other nonzero closed ideal A or, equivalently, if aI={0} implies a=0 for all ...