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An equivalence class is defined as a subset of the form {x in X:xRa}, where a is an element of X and the notation "xRy" is used to mean that there is an equivalence relation ...

A generalization of Turán's theorem to non-complete graphs.

An estimate is an educated guess for an unknown quantity or outcome based on known information. The making of estimates is an important part of statistics, since care is ...

An Euler-Jacobi pseudoprime to a base a is an odd composite number n such that (a,n)=1 and the Jacobi symbol (a/n) satisfies (a/n)=a^((n-1)/2) (mod n) (Guy 1994; but note ...

The amazing polynomial identity communicated by Euler in a letter to Goldbach on April 12, 1749 (incorrectly given as April 15, 1705--before Euler was born--in Conway and Guy ...

An even permutation is a permutation obtainable from an even number of two-element swaps, i.e., a permutation with permutation symbol equal to +1. For initial set {1,2,3,4}, ...

The center J_i of an excircle. There are three excenters for a given triangle, denoted J_1, J_2, J_3. The incenter I and excenters J_i of a triangle are an orthocentric ...

Given triangle DeltaABC, there are four lines simultaneously tangent to the B- and C-excircles (with centers J_B and J_C, respectively). Of these, three correspond to the ...

The extangents circle is the circumcircle of the extangents triangle. Its center function is a complicated 9th-order polynomial and its circle function is a complicated ...

An exterior angle beta of a polygon is the angle formed externally between two adjacent sides. It is therefore equal to 2pi-alpha, where alpha is the corresponding internal ...